What are fine motor skills?

Fine motor skills involve the coordination of small muscles, bones, and nerves to produce precise movements, like picking up small objects with the hands and fingers. These skills often rely on visual-motor integration and hand-eye coordination, as the movements require accuracy and control.

Fine motor skill development by age

Fine motor skills develop gradually as a child develops, becoming more refined with practice and maturity. Below are examples of fine motor milestones by age and why they are important for overall development.

Infants (0 to 12 months)

• Grasping a rattle or caregiver’s finger (0 to 3 months): Strengthens early hand muscles and coordination, encourages exploration of their surroundings, and forms bonds through touch.

• Bringing hands to mouth (0 to 3 months): Promotes body awareness and hand control and is an early method of self-soothing and self-regulation.

• Reaching for toys (3 to 6 months): Builds visual-motor coordination and helps babies begin to understand cause and effect.

• Transferring objects between hands (6 to 9 months): Strengthens coordination between both sides of the body and supports the development of more complex tasks (like eating).

• Raking objects with hands (6 to 9 months): An early form of grasping where a baby picks up objects with hands like a rake. 

• Pincer grasp (8 to 10 months): Enables babies to pick up small objects with the thumb and index finger.

• Banging toys together (9 to 12 months): Enhances coordination and rhythm and teaches cause and effect.

Toddlers (1 to 3 years)

• Stacking blocks: Supports visual-spatial reasoning and improves finger control and precision.

• Turning pages in a board book: Develops hand-eye coordination and promotes early literacy habits.

• Using a spoon or fork: Learning to self-feed with utensils promotes independence and strengthens the smaller muscles needed for hand control.

• Scribbling with crayons: Improves grip and wrist movement and encourages creativity.

• Removing socks or shoes: Builds self-help skills and strengthens hand coordination needed for independent dressing.

Preschoolers (3 to 5 years)

• Drawing shapes and people: Supports fine motor control, early writing skills, and cognitive expression through art.

• Cutting with scissors: Develops bilateral coordination and hand strength. 

• Writing letters or names: Practices early writing skills, enhances memory, language development, and fine motor control.

• Zipping and buttoning clothes: Develops independence and practices hand strength and coordination.

  

What are gross motor skills?

Gross motor skills involve the coordination of large muscles, bones, and nerves to make large body movements, like waving your arms back and forth or walking. Gross motor skills develop through activities that strengthen arms, legs, and core muscles. Babies develop gross motor control before they develop fine motor skills. 

Gross motor skill development by age

Below are examples of typical gross motor milestones by age, along with explanations of why they are important for a child’s overall development:

Infants (0 to 12 months)

• Tummy time (0 to 6 months): Builds strength in the neck, shoulders, and back, which is essential for head control and later motor milestones.

• Rolling over (4 to 6 months): Improves trunk control and body awareness, preparing them for crawling and sitting.

• Sitting without support (6 to 8 months): Strengthens the core and helps babies use their hands more freely to explore.

• Crawling (9 to 12 months): Supports cross-body coordination and spatial awareness, which are essential for future walking and learning.

• Pulling to stand (9 to 12 months): Builds leg and core strength and teaches babies how to shift their weight and balance.

• Cruising along furniture (9 to 12 months): Develops coordination and balance as babies move sideways while holding on for support.

• Standing independently (12+ months): Increases confidence and prepares the baby for taking their first steps.

• Taking first steps (12+ months): Supports full-body coordination, balance, and mobility.

Toddlers (1 to 3 years)

• Walking confidently: Builds independence and supports gross motor confidence and body control.

• Running: Develops strength, cardiovascular fitness, and agility while supporting coordination.

• Climbing stairs (with or without help): Improves leg strength, balance, and problem-solving as toddlers learn how to navigate levels.

• Jumping with two feet: Helps toddlers build coordination and timing.

• Kicking a ball: Builds coordination between visual input and leg movement. 

• Throwing and catching a large ball: Improves hand-eye coordination, reaction time, and body awareness.

• Dancing to music: Supports rhythm, balance, and whole-body movement. 

Preschoolers (3 to 5 years)

• Hopping on one foot: Improves balance, core control, and leg strength, helping preschoolers learn to control their bodies in space.

• Pedaling a tricycle or bike: Develops bilateral leg coordination, endurance, and the ability to follow directional movement.

• Skipping or galloping: Builds rhythm, timing, and sequencing (jumping rope).

• Climbing playground equipment and playing sports: Improves muscle strength, coordination, and confidence in managing physical challenges.

• Balancing on a beam or curb: Strengthens core muscles and enhances focus and motor control.

How to encourage motor skill development by age

Practice helps children grow stronger and more confident in their movements. Here’s a breakdown of simple, age-appropriate ways to support fine and gross motor skill development from infancy through early childhood.

Fine motor activities

Infants

• Tummy time with toys

• Reaching for dangling objects

• Soft grasp toys

• Hand-over-hand clapping games (like Pat-a-Cake)

Toddlers

• Stacking blocks or cups

• Scribbling with jumbo crayons

• Puzzles with large knobs

• Playdough squishing

• Using a spoon and fork

Preschoolers

• Cutting with safety scissors

• Lacing cards or beads

• Drawing shapes and writing letters

• Buttoning/zipping practice

• Using tongs to sort small objects

Gross motor activities

Infants

• Tummy time on various surfaces

• Rolling and reaching games

• Sitting with support and toys

• Supported standing

• Crawling through soft tunnels

Toddlers

• Push/pull toys

• Walking over cushions or uneven surfaces

• Dancing to music

• Throw or kick a ball

• Climbing small slides or steps

Preschoolers

• Obstacle courses

• Tricycle or scooter riding

• Jumping games (hopscotch, jumping jacks)

• Pretend animal walks (bear crawl, frog jump)

• Swinging and climbing

Signs of delay in motor skills

It's important to monitor your child's motor development, as delays can impact independence, learning, and overall growth. Below are some common signs of delay in both fine and gross motor skills:

• Difficulty grasping or manipulating small objects (beyond 18 to 24 months)

• Continues to use a fist grip to draw or write past age 4

• Avoids or fatigues quickly during activities that require hand use

• Trouble with dressing (zippers, buttons) beyond age 5

• Cannot use utensils to eat by age 3

• Not sitting by 9 months or walking by 18 months

• Frequent tripping or falling after age 3

• Difficulty climbing, jumping, or running 

• Avoids physical play or tires easily

• Poor balance, coordination, or posture

When to consult a pediatrician or seek a referral

While children develop at their own pace, certain signs may indicate the need for professional support. Consider consulting a pediatrician or requesting a referral to an occupational therapist or physical therapy if you observe any of the following:

• Significant delays in developmental milestones

• Loss of previously acquired skills

• Frequent frustration or fatigue during fine or gross motor activities beyond what’s typical for their age

• Asymmetry in movement (like only one side of the body)

If you have questions about fine vs gross motor skills or child development, reach out to your local or Summer Health pediatrician for support. Summer Health is a pediatric telehealth platform offering 24/7 care, providing answers for everything from urgent concerns to everyday questions about your child’s health.